When Putrid Goblin dies, its persist ability triggers, returning it from your graveyard to the battlefield with a -1/-1 counter on it.
When Putrid Goblin enters, Stalwart Successor triggers, putting a +1/+1 counter on Putrid Goblin
Resolve the Shilgengar ability.
Repeat.
This loop relies on Shilgengar, Sire of Famine to sacrifice Putrid Goblin, generating a Blood token in the process. When Putrid Goblin dies, its persist ability brings it back with a -1/-1 counter, which immediately triggers Stalwart Successor to place a +1/+1 counter on it; these two counters mutually annihilate as a state-based action, leaving the Goblin free to be sacrificed to Shilgengar, Sire of Famine all over again. By repeating this cycle, you continuously trigger the death, entry, and sacrifice of Putrid Goblin while flooding the board with Blood tokens fueled by Shilgengar, Sire of Famine's sacrifice outlet.